Keywords
concentrations
heavy metals
pollution indices
Manzanares river
How to Cite
Abstract
The Manzanares River basin, located in Sucre State, Venezuela, is experiencing significant water quality deterioration due to heavy metal contamination. This study aimed to determine the concentrations (mg·L⁻¹), mass loads (ton·day⁻¹), and water quality through contamination indices (HIP and MI). Sampling was conducted at ten stations during the rainy season (September 2017) and the dry season (April 2018). Heavy metal concentrations were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry with an air-acetylene flame. Additionally, mass loads were calculated to assess contributions to the Cariaco Gulf. The results showed that the highest concentrations were recorded during the dry season in the middle and lower sub-basins. In September 2017, the decreasing gradient was Fe (30.22) > Ni (3.60) > Zn (3.37) > Mn (1.78) > Co (1.27) > Cd (1.16) > Cr (0.92) > Cu (0.27) > Pb (0.0022), while in April 2018 it was Fe (34.45) > Mn (17.69) > Zn (11.33) > Cr (1.98) > Ni (1.32) > Cd (1.09) > Pb (1.08) > Cu (0.43) > Co (0.36). Mass loads to the gulf ranged from 736.92–66.3 Fe; 60.99–52.61 Mn; 3.19–0.38 Cu; 96.01–4.18 Ni; 11.48–26.26 Zn; 33.63–0.036 Cr; 35.20–0.049 Co; 1.98–08–16.38 Pb; and 0.060–0.005 Cd across both seasons sampled. The HIP (>100) and MI (>1) indices confirmed a high level of contamination, rendering the water unsuitable for human consumption or other uses such as agriculture or recreation. It is concluded that urgent environmental management strategies are required to mitigate contamination and preserve this critical ecosystem.
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