Resumen
Este artículo examina la trayectoria profesional de Patricia Betsabé Quintana Pacheco, ingeniera industrial salvadoreña, extrabajadora de la industria maquiladora y docente de tiempo completo en la Universidad Católica de El Salvador. A partir del marco teórico de Hammond (1998) sobre la educación popular en El Salvador, asumido como eje central del análisis, el estudio examina cómo los conocimientos adquiridos en el entorno fabril pueden transformarse en prácticas pedagógicas, programas institucionales y experiencias inclusivas de educación superior internacional. Mediante la investigación narrativa, la autoetnografía colaborativa, la duoetnografía y la investigación-acción participativa, el artículo reconstruye el tránsito de Quintana Pacheco desde la fábrica de confecciones hacia la academia y su posterior retorno al ámbito industrial, a través del desarrollo de las iniciativas Ingenieros en Acción e Hilos de Amistad. Los hallazgos sugieren que la educación popular ofrece un marco contextualizado para comprender cómo los conocimientos laborales de las mujeres de clase trabajadora pueden convertirse en una base para la mentoría estudiantil, la responsabilidad de la industria y una educación superior centrada en la comunidad. En lugar de presentar este caso particular como universalmente generalizable, el artículo lo propone como una contribución analítica para futuras investigaciones comparativas sobre el trabajo de las mujeres, la educación popular y la educación superior internacional en contextos del Sur Global.
Citas
Acker, J. (2006). Inequality regimes: Gender, class, and race in organizations. Gender & Society, 20(4), 441–464. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243206289499
Anzaldúa, G. (1987). Borderlands/La frontera: The new mestiza. Aunt Lute Books.
Artiles, A. J. (2013). Untangling the racialization of disabilities: An intersectionality critique across disability models. Du Bois Review, 10(2), 329–347. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X13000271
Azhar, S., & Ali, A. (2026). Global Accumulation & Gendered Class Exploitation: Theory and Evidence from the Garment Industry During the Covid Pandemic. Forum for Social Economics, 55(1), 42-62. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/07360932.2024.2350496
Bair, J. (2005). Global capitalism and commodity chains: Looking back, going forward. Competition & Change, 9(2), 153–180. https://doi.org/10.1179/102452905X45382
Barreto, J. M. (2020). Amefricanity. Radical Philosophy. https://www.radicalphilosophy.com/commentary/amefricanity
Bejarano, C. L. (2002). Las super madres de Latino América: Transforming motherhood by challenging violence in Mexico, Argentina, and El Salvador. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 23(1), 126–150.
Belenky, M. F., Clinchy, B. M., Goldberger, N. R., & Tarule, J. M. (1986). Women’s ways of knowing: The development of self, voice, and mind. Basic Books.
Bešić, E. (2020). Intersectionality: A pathway towards inclusive education? Prospects, 49, 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09461-6
Bhatt, E. R. (2006). We are poor but so many: The story of self-employed women in India. Oxford University Press.
Brittin, A. A. (1995). Close encounters of the Third World kind: Rigoberta Menchú and Elisabeth Burgos’s Me llamo Rigoberta Menchú. Latin American Perspectives, 22(4), 100–114. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2634184
Burleigh, D., & Burm, S. (2022). Doing duoethnography: Addressing essential methodological questions. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221140876
Cantillon, S., Mackett, O., & Stevano, S. (2023). Feminist political economy: A global perspective. Agenda Publishing.
Chigbu, U. E., & Nekhwevha, F. (2023). Gender equality and decent work. Frontiers in Sociology, 8, Article 1266141. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2023.1266141
Chipindi, F. M., Mweemba, O., Chipindi, G., Phiri, Y., & Mwale, S. (2023). Decolonial practices in higher education in the Global South. Journal of Comparative and International Higher Education, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.32674/jcihe.v15i5.5299
Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2000). Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. Jossey-Bass.
Clinchy, B. M. (1993). Ways of knowing and ways of being: Epistemological and moral development in undergraduate women. In A. Garrod (Ed.), Approaches to moral development: New research and emerging themes (pp. 180–200). Teachers College Press.
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), Article 8. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage.
Datta, P. B., & Gailey, R. (2012). Empowering women through self-help microfinance programmes: The case of India’s Self Employed Women’s Association. Business & Society, 51(2), 394–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00505.x
Dirección General de Estadísticas y Censos. (2017). Estimaciones y proyecciones de población municipal 2005–2025. Ministerio de Economía de El Salvador. https://onec.bcr.gob.sv/servicios/proyecciones-y-estimaciones-de-poblacion-nacional-y- departamental/
Domínguez, E., Quintero, C., & López, R. (2010). Women workers in the maquiladoras and the debate on global labor standards. Feminist Economics, 16(4), 185–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2010.530603
Domínguez Reyes, E., & Quintero Ramírez, C. (2019). The fight for improved labour standards: women labour organising on the Northern Mexican border and El Salvador. Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal, 4(1), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802014.2019.1560230
Edwards, D. B., Jr., Martin, P., & Flores, I. (2015). Education in El Salvador: Past, present, and prospects. In Education in México, Central America and the Latin Caribbean. Continuum.
Elbow, P. (1973). Writing without teachers. Oxford University Press.
Ellis, C., Adams, T. E., & Bochner, A. P. (2011). Autoethnography: An overview. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 12(1), Article 10. https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-12.1.1589
Elson, D., & Pearson, R. (1981). “Nimble fingers make cheap workers”: An analysis of women’s employment in Third World export manufacturing. Feminist Review, 7(1), 87–107. https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.1981.6
Fals-Borda, O. (1987). The application of participatory action research in Latin America. International Sociology, 2(4), 329–347. https://doi.org/10.1177/026858098700200401
Freire, P. (2020). Pedagogy of the oppressed. In Toward a sociology of education (pp. 374–386). Routledge.
Fúnez-Flores, J. I. (2024). Curriculum and the coloniality of knowledge. Curriculum Inquiry. https://doi.org/10.1002/curj.219
Gereffi, G. (1999). International trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain. Journal of International Economics, 48(1), 37–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(98)00075-0
Ghanbar, H. (2024). A methodological synthesis of narrative inquiry research in applied linguistics. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 34(3), 892–912. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12591
Gobierno de El Salvador. (2023). Guía sectorial: Textil y confección 2023. Ministerio de Economía. https://investinelsalvador.gob.sv/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Guia-sectorial-Textil-y- confeccion-2023.pdf
González, L. (1988). La categoría político-cultural de amefricanidad. Tiempo Latinoamericano, 92/93, 69–82. https://doi.org/10.31273/4efczn62
Hammond, J. L. (1998). Fighting to learn: Popular education and guerrilla war in El Salvador. Rutgers University Press.
Hammond, J. L. (1999). Popular education as community organizing in El Salvador. Latin American Perspectives, 26(4), 69–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X9902600403
Irungu, C. W. (2017). Wangari Maathai the educator: Straddling tradition and modernity. Journal of Global Education and Research, 1(1), 48–67. https://doi.org/10.5038/2577-509X.1.1.1008
Khurshid, A. (2015). Islamic traditions of modernity: Gender, class, and Islam in a transnational women’s education project. Gender & Society, 29(1), 98–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243214549193
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Prentice Hall.
Kopinak, K. (1995). Gender as a vehicle for the subordination of women maquiladora workers in Mexico. Latin American Perspectives, 22(1), 30–48.
Kucera, D., & Tejani, S. (2014). Feminization, defeminization, and structural change in manufacturing. World Development, 64, 569–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.06.033
Lugones, M. (2010). Toward a decolonial feminism. Hypatia, 25(4), 742–759. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2010.01137.x
McAndrews, L. M., & Ha-Brookshire, J. (2013). We are a walking contradiction: Queer theory and the complexity of women’s professional identity. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 31(3), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X13493660
McAndrews, L. M., & Ha-Brookshire, J. (2022). Applying feminist political economy to textile and apparel scholarship. Fashion and Textiles, 9, Article 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-022- 00311-x
McDowell, L. (1991). Life without father and Ford: The new gender order of post-Fordism. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 16(4), 400–419. https://doi.org/10.2307/622707
Navarro-Mantas, L., Velásquez, M. J., Lemus, S., & Megías, J. L. (2022). Prevalence of intimate partner violence against women in El Salvador. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 867945. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.867945
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2025). Gender differences in education, skills and STEM in Latin America and the Caribbean. https://doi.org/10.1787/4ea07281-en
Oficina Nacional de Estadística y Censos. (2023). Encuesta de hogares de propósitos múltiples 2023. Gobierno de El Salvador.
Opare, G. (2025). Sankofa as praxis: Ontological healing, memory, and decolonial return. Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532708625141292
Pons Cardoso, J., & Castillo Espinosa, E. (2022). Decolonial feminism in Latin America. Hypatia, 37(1). https://doi.org/10.1017/hyp.2022.31
Pugh, A. J., & Mosseri, S. (2023). Trust-building vs. “just trust me”: Reflexivity and resonance in ethnography. Frontiers in Sociology, 8, Article 1069305. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2023.1069305
Quintana Pacheco, P. B. (2026). Crónica de una ingeniera: Mi paso por la industria de la confección salvadoreña [Unpublished personal written chronicle].
Quintana Pacheco, P. B. (2026). Solo video recording [Unpublished raw data].
Robertson, C. M., & Ha-Brookshire, J. (2025). The impacts of CAFTA-DR on gender inequality and apparel trade in El Salvador. Studies in Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body & Culture, 4(2), 179–202. https://doi.org/10.1386/sft_00063_1
Robertson, C. M., & Quintana Pacheco, P. B. (2026). Dialogue interview [Unpublished raw data].
Salzinger, L. (2003). Genders in production: Making workers in Mexico’s global factories. University of California Press.
Santos, B. de S. (2018). The end of the cognitive empire: The coming of age of epistemologies of the South. Duke University Press.
Stephen, L. (1995). Women’s rights are human rights: The merging of feminine and feminist interests among El Salvador’s mothers of the disappeared (CO-MADRES). American Ethnologist, 22(4), 807–827. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1995.22.4.02a00080
Temple, C. N. (2010). The Sankofa movement: ReAfrikanization and the reality of “Black” popular culture. Journal of Black Studies, 41(2), 127–150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934709349944
UN Women. (2024). SDG 5: Gender equality. https://www.unwomen.org/en/resources/gender- snapshot/sdg-5
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2024). SDG 4 country profile: El Salvador. https://uis.unesco.org
Udenigwe, N., Aubel, J., & Abimbola, S. (2024). Decolonial feminist approaches to gender equality in the Global South. PLOS Global Public Health, 4(6), Article e0005556. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0005556
Walsh, C. (2010). Interculturalidad crítica y educación intercultural. In J. Viaña, L. Tapia, & C. Walsh (Eds.), Construyendo interculturalidad crítica (pp. 75–96). Instituto Internacional de Integración.
Wright, M. W. (2006). Disposable women and other myths of global capitalism. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203390313

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2026 Cydni Meredith Robertson, Patricia Betsabe Quintana Pacheco

