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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">3115-2589</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Human@s Guajira</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">humanas</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">3115-2589</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Universidad de La Guajira</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>
          <country>Colombia</country>
          <email>revistahumanasguajira@uniguajira.edu.co</email>
        </publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22086859</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="ark">https://n2t.net/ark:/24289/22086859</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTÍCULO DE INVESTIGACIÓN</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Conocimiento financiero y planificación personal
en estudiantes universitarios</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>Financial knowledge and personal planning in university students</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2842-2099</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chávez Vera</surname>
            <given-names>Kerwin José</given-names>
          </name>
          <degrees>Doctor</degrees>
          <bio>
            <p>Doctor en Gerencia, Magister en Docencia para
Educación Superior. Licenciado en Administración de Empresas.  Docente Investigador Universidad San Ignacio
de Loyola, Lima, Perú. Coordinador del Centro de Investigación para la Gestión,
Emprendimiento, Finanzas e Innovación (CIGEFI). </p>
          </bio>
          <email>kchavezv@usil.edu.pe</email>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1760-1502</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Giraldo Tunjo</surname>
            <given-names>Anggie Ximena</given-names>
          </name>
          <degrees>Maestría</degrees>
          <bio>
            <p>Doctorado en finanzas y contabilidad (Sin culminar). Maestría en contabilidad. Especialización en finanzas.
Administradora de empresas.</p>
          </bio>
          <email>agiraldo60@unisalle.edu.co</email>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6620-0868</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guzman Peñaranda</surname>
            <given-names>Kedyn Nadin</given-names>
          </name>
          <degrees>Magister</degrees>
          <bio>
            <p>Magister en contabilidad y finanzas. Magister en
administración. especialista en revisoría fiscal y Auditoría. Especialista
en emprendimiento e innovación. Contador público.<bold><italic></italic></bold></p>
          </bio>
          <email>guzmannadin@americana.edu.co</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <role vocab="credit" vocab-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/" vocab-term="Conceptualization" vocab-term-identifier="https://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization/">Conceptualization</role>
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      </contrib-group>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola</institution>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Lima</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PE">Perú</country>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad La Salle</institution>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidad La Salle</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Bogotá</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CO">Colombia</country>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Corporación Universitaria Americana</institution>
          <institution content-type="original">Corporación Universitaria Americana</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Barranquilla</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CO">Colombia</country>
        </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">
          <label>Correspondencia</label>
          Kerwin José Chávez Vera <email>kchavezv@usil.edu.pe</email>
        </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Conflictos de interés</label>
          <p>No existe conflicto de interés entre los/as autores/as del artículo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <season>Sep-Dec</season>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>1</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e22086859</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="pub">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
 <permissions>
 <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2026, Los/as autores/as</copyright-statement>
 <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
 <copyright-holder>Los/as autores/as</copyright-holder>
 <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
 <ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
 <license-p>Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de la licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).</license-p>
 </license>
 </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <p>El comportamiento financiero de los estudiantes
universitarios se ha convertido en un tema de interés por su impacto en la
estabilidad económica futura y en la forma de gestionar los recursos
personales. No obstante, se observan limitaciones en el tipo de planificación y
de decisiones financieras que ejecutan los estudiantes. En este sentido, esta
investigación estudió la relación entre el conocimiento financiero, la toma de
decisiones y la planificación personal de las finanzas. Se optó por un enfoque cuantitativo
mediante el modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales por mínimos cuadrados
parciales (PLS-SEM), con una muestra de 354 estudiantes de una universidad
privada de Lima. Los resultados evidenciaron una relación del conocimiento
financiero con la toma de decisiones y con la planificación personal de las
finanzas; asimismo, la toma de decisiones se revela como un aspecto clave en la
organización de las finanzas personales. Se concluye que la planificación
personal de las finanzas da cuenta de interacciones entre variables
conductuales y cognitivas, lo que permite comprender de forma integrada el
comportamiento financiero de los estudiantes universitarios.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <p>The financial behavior of university students has
become a topic of interest due to its impact on future economic stability and
on the way personal resources are managed. However, limitations are observed in
the type of planning and financial decisions that students carry out. In this
regard, this research studied the relationship between financial knowledge,
decision-making, and personal financial planning. A quantitative approach was
adopted using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM),
with a sample of 354 students from a private university in Lima. The results
showed a relationship of financial knowledge with decision-making and with
personal financial planning; likewise, decision-making emerges as a key aspect
in the organization of personal finances. It is concluded that personal
financial planning reflects interactions between behavioral and cognitive
variables, allowing an integrated understanding of university students
financial behavior.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <title>Palabras clave</title>
        <kwd>conocimiento financiero</kwd>
        <kwd>toma de decisiones</kwd>
        <kwd>planificación financiera personal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>financial knowledge</kwd>
        <kwd>decision-making</kwd>
        <kwd>personal financial planning</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="1"/>
        <table-count count="5"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
  <sec sec-type="intro">
    <title><bold>INTRODUCCIÓN</bold></title>
      <p>El comportamiento financiero de
los estudiantes universitarios ha cobrado una relevancia creciente por su
influencia en el bienestar individual y en la estabilidad financiera futura
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Yeo et al., 2024</xref>). En un contexto en el que los jóvenes enfrentan situaciones
cada vez más complejas en torno al uso de sus recursos, conocer los factores
que orientan sus decisiones financieras resulta fundamental (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">White et al.,
2022</xref>). La alfabetización financiera se ha consolidado, de hecho, como un
determinante clave de la calidad de las decisiones económicas y del bienestar
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lusardi y Mitchell, 2014</xref>).</p>
      <p>Aun cuando las instituciones de
educación superior desarrollan tareas formativas, persisten limitaciones en la
administración de las finanzas personales, sobre todo en el control de los
gastos, la planificación y la previsión financiera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adetunji y David-West,
2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Van et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
      <p>La literatura reciente señala que
la alfabetización financiera puede mejorar la calidad de las decisiones al
fortalecer la capacidad de evaluar opciones y su coherencia con los objetivos
personales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lahiri y Biswas, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">She et al., 2024</xref>). Sin embargo, estos
abordajes no siempre dan cuenta de cómo ese conocimiento se traduce en
comportamientos económicos, lo que hace necesario integrar modelos que recojan
los procesos intermedios de la decisión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Durga et al., 2025</xref>).</p>
      <p>En esta línea, la Teoría del
Comportamiento Planificado (TPB) ofrece un marco productivo para entender cómo
los factores cognitivos inciden en la decisión y en la ejecución de
determinadas conductas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ajzen, 1991</xref>). Desde esta perspectiva, el conocimiento financiero
podría ser el recurso que incide en la toma de decisiones, entendida como un
mecanismo que contribuye a la planificación financiera personal. La evidencia
reciente respalda esta lectura, al mostrar que los procesos de decisión cumplen
un papel relevante para unir las capacidades cognitivas con las prácticas
financieras de los jóvenes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Assifuah-Nunoo y Yeboah, 2025</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Ratnawati et al.,
2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Shim et al., 2010</xref>).</p>
      <p>A partir de lo anterior, esta
investigación analiza la relación entre el conocimiento financiero, la toma de
decisiones y la planificación financiera personal en estudiantes universitarios
de Lima, Perú, mediante el modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales por mínimos
cuadrados parciales (PLS-SEM), con el fin de evaluar los efectos directos entre
las variables y aportar a una comprensión más integrada del comportamiento
financiero.</p>
    </sec>
  <sec sec-type="intro">
    <title><bold>Marco teórico e hipótesis</bold></title>
      <p>La Teoría del Comportamiento
Planificado (TPB) sostiene que la conducta responde a procesos cognitivos que
determinan la intención y orientan la acción (Ajzen, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">1991</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">2002</xref>). En el entorno
universitario, esta perspectiva permite entender cómo el conocimiento
financiero se traduce en decisiones y, por lo tanto, en prácticas de
planificación.</p>
      <p>Diversos estudios evidencian que
el conocimiento financiero es un recurso que propicia la selección de
alternativas y refuerza el control sobre las decisiones financieras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">She et
al., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Tan et al., 2025</xref>); su medición sistemática ha sido, además, objeto
de marcos internacionales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Atkinson y Messy, 2012</xref>). Cuanto mayor es la
alfabetización financiera, mayor es la alineación entre las decisiones y las
metas propias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Pavón, 2025</xref>). Se plantea, por tanto: H1. El conocimiento
financiero tiene un efecto positivo sobre la toma de decisiones financieras en
los estudiantes universitarios.</p>
      <p>La toma de decisiones financieras
proceso mediante el cual las creencias y evaluaciones se transforman en
acciones concretas es un componente central de la TPB. En los estudiantes se
traduce en el control del gasto, el ahorro y la distribución adecuada de los
recursos, lo que afecta su planificación financiera personal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adetunji y
David-West, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Aziz y Naima, 2021</xref>). La literatura destaca que las decisiones
racionales y deliberadas suponen un mayor control del gasto y una mejor
previsión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Elgegren, 2025</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">White et al., 2022</xref>), de modo que la toma de
decisiones orienta el comportamiento financiero de forma estructurada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Pavón,
2025</xref>). Se plantea: H2. La toma de decisiones financieras tiene un efecto
positivo en la planificación financiera personal de los estudiantes
universitarios.</p>
      <p>El conocimiento financiero
también incide en la planificación financiera personal, al permitir gestionar y
prever el uso de los recursos. Comprender conceptos financieros básicos se
vincula a conductas como el control del gasto y la fijación de metas económicas
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lahiri y Biswas, 2022</xref>), y la educación financiera favorece la planificación en
la población joven (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Assifuah-Nunoo y Yeboah, 2025</xref>). Se propone: H3. El
conocimiento financiero tiene un efecto positivo en la planificación financiera
personal de los estudiantes universitarios.</p>
    </sec>
  <sec sec-type="methods">
    <title><bold>METODOLOGÍA</bold></title>
      <p>La investigación se desarrolló
bajo un enfoque cuantitativo de alcance explicativo, orientado al análisis de
las relaciones entre el conocimiento financiero, la toma de decisiones y la
planificación financiera de los estudiantes universitarios. Para el contraste
se aplicó el modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales por mínimos cuadrados
parciales (PLS-SEM), técnica adecuada para estimar relaciones entre variables
latentes en contextos explicativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hair et al., 2021</xref>). Este enfoque es
congruente con la Teoría del Comportamiento Planificado, pues permite examinar
cómo se articulan los recursos cognitivos en los procesos de decisión que
derivan en conductas financieras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ajzen, 1991</xref>).</p>
      <p>La muestra estuvo compuesta por
354 estudiantes de una universidad privada de Lima, seleccionados de forma
intencional, que cumplieron la condición de haber respondido el cuestionario en
su totalidad. Los datos se recolectaron mediante un cuestionario estructurado
de 14 ítems tipo Likert de cinco puntos, validado por juicio de expertos y
diseñado para medir constructos reflexivos. La recopilación se realizó en línea
entre agosto y diciembre de 2025, atendiendo a criterios de voluntariedad,
consentimiento informado y anonimato.</p>
      <p>Antes del análisis, la base de
datos se depuró para maximizar su homogeneidad. El análisis se efectuó con
SmartPLS 3, considerando el modelo de medición y el estructural, con el
análisis de los efectos directos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Sarstedt et al., 2019</xref>). La validez discriminante
se evaluó mediante el criterio de Fornell-Larcker (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Fornell y Larcker, 1981</xref>) y
la ratio HTMT (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Henseler et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
  <sec sec-type="results">
    <title><bold>RESULTADOS</bold></title>
      <p>La Tabla 1 muestra el perfil de
la muestra, compuesta por 354 estudiantes universitarios. Se observa un
equilibrio de género, con una ligera predominancia del femenino (52,26 %), y un
mayor porcentaje de personas de entre 21 y 24 años (45,76 %). La mayoría se
encuentra en ciclos intermedios de la formación (44,63 %) y reporta estar
laboralmente activa (60,17 %); más de la mitad ha tenido formación financiera
previa (56,78 %).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
       <caption>
        <title>Características sociodemográficas de la muestra</title>
       </caption>
       <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
        <thead>
         <tr>
          <th valign="top">
 <bold>Variable </bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th valign="top">
 <bold>Categoría</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th valign="top">
 <bold> Frecuencia </bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th valign="top">
 <bold> 
 %</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
         </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
         <tr>
          <td rowspan="2" valign="top">
  Género
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 Masculino 
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 169
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 47.74
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td valign="top">
 Femenino
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 185
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 52.26
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td rowspan="3" valign="top">
 
  Edad
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 17-20
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 118
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 33.33
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td valign="top">
 21-24
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 162
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 45.76
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td valign="top">
 25 años o más
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 74
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 20.91
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td rowspan="3" valign="top">
 Ciclo académico
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 Inicial (1.º–3.º)
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 96
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 27.12
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td valign="top">
 Intermedio (4.º–7.º)
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 158
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 44.63
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td valign="top">
 Avanzado (8.º–10.º)
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 100
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 28.25
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td rowspan="2" valign="top">
 Condición Laboral
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 Trabaja actualmente
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 213
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 60.17
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td valign="top">
 No trabaja
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 141
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 39.83
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td rowspan="2" valign="top">
 
 Educación
 financiera previa
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 Si
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 201
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 56.78
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td valign="top">
 No
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 153
 </td>
          <td valign="top">
 43.22
 </td>
         </tr>
        </tbody>
       </table>
       <table-wrap-foot>
        <attrib>Elaboración propia.</attrib>
       </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>La Tabla 2 evidencia que el
modelo de medición cumple los criterios de fiabilidad y validez convergente:
los valores de alfa de Cronbach, rho_A y fiabilidad compuesta superan los
umbrales recomendados, mientras que las cargas externas y la varianza extraída
media (AVE) se sitúan por encima de los mínimos aceptables. Los valores VIF
descartan problemas de colinealidad, lo que confirma la adecuación del modelo
de medición (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hair et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
       <label>Tabla 2</label>
       <caption>
        <title>Fiabilidad, validez convergente y colinealidad del modelo de medición</title>
       </caption>
       <table cellspacing="3" cellpadding="0">
        <thead>
         <tr>
          <th>
 <bold>Constructo / Ítem</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th>
 <bold>Carga externa</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th>
 <bold>Alfa de Cronbach</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th>
 <bold>rho_A</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th>
 <bold>Fiabilidad compuesta</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th>
 <bold>AVE</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th>
 <bold>VIF</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
         </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
         <tr>
          <td>
 Conocimiento financiero
 </td>
          <td></td>
          <td>
 0.940
 </td>
          <td>
 0.944
 </td>
          <td>
 0.957
 </td>
          <td>
 0.847
 </td>
          <td></td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 CF1
 </td>
          <td>
 0.930
 </td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td>
 1.176
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 CF2
 </td>
          <td>
 0.925
 </td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td>
 1.478
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 CF3
 </td>
          <td>
 0.918
 </td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td>
 1.650
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 CF4
 </td>
          <td>
 0.908
 </td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td>
 1.614
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 Planeación financiera personal
 </td>
          <td></td>
          <td>
 0.958
 </td>
          <td>
 0.959
 </td>
          <td>
 0.968
 </td>
          <td>
 0.858
 </td>
          <td></td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 PFP1
 </td>
          <td>
 0.927
 </td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td>
 1.571
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 PFP2
 </td>
          <td>
 0.907
 </td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td>
 1.530
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 PFP3
 </td>
          <td>
 0.936
 </td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td>
 1.297
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 PFP4
 </td>
          <td>
 0.929
 </td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td>
 1.690
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 PFP5
 </td>
          <td>
 0.931
 </td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td>
 1.371
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 Toma de decisiones financieras
 </td>
          <td></td>
          <td>
 0.948
 </td>
          <td>
 0.949
 </td>
          <td>
 0.960
 </td>
          <td>
 0.827
 </td>
          <td></td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 TDF1
 </td>
          <td>
 0.908
 </td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td>
 1.409
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 TDF2
 </td>
          <td>
 0.898
 </td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td>
 1.436
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 TDF3
 </td>
          <td>
 0.930
 </td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td>
 1.595
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 TDF4
 </td>
          <td>
 0.904
 </td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td>
 1.681
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 TDF5
 </td>
          <td>
 0.907
 </td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td>
 1.569
 </td>
         </tr>
        </tbody>
       </table>
       <table-wrap-foot>
        <attrib>Elaboración propia.</attrib>
       </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>La Tabla 3 confirma la validez
discriminante del modelo, tanto por el criterio de Fornell-Larcker como por la
ratio HTMT.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
       <label>Tabla 3</label>
       <caption>
        <title>Validez discriminante del modelo (criterios de Fornell-Larcker y HTMT)</title>
       </caption>
       <table cellspacing="3" cellpadding="0">
        <thead>
         <tr>
          <th>
 <bold>Constructo</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th>
 <bold>Conocimiento financiero</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th>
 <bold>Planeación financiera personal</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th>
 <bold>Toma de decisiones financieras</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
         </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
         <tr>
          <td>
 Conocimiento financiero
 </td>
          <td>
 <bold>0.920</bold>
 </td>
          <td>
 0.525
 </td>
          <td>
 0.491
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 Planeación financiera personal
 </td>
          <td>
 0.551
 </td>
          <td>
 <bold>0.926</bold>
 </td>
          <td>
 0.596
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 Toma de decisiones financieras
 </td>
          <td>
 0.516
 </td>
          <td>
 0.624
 </td>
          <td>
 <bold>0.910</bold>
 </td>
         </tr>
        </tbody>
       </table>
       <table-wrap-foot>
        <attrib>Elaboración Propia.</attrib>
       </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>La Tabla 4 evidencia que todas
las hipótesis directas del modelo estructural cuentan con respaldo empírico: el
conocimiento financiero influye significativamente tanto en la toma de
decisiones como en la planificación financiera personal, mientras que la toma
de decisiones actúa como predictor clave de la planificación, lo que confirma
la coherencia teórica y empírica del modelo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hair et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
       <label>Tabla 4</label>
       <caption>
        <title>Resultados del modelo estructural</title>
       </caption>
       <table cellspacing="3" cellpadding="0">
        <thead>
         <tr>
          <th>
 <bold>Relación</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th>
 <bold>β (O)</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th>
 <bold>t</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th>
 <bold>p</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th>
 <bold>IC 95%</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th>
 <bold>Decisión</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
         </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
         <tr>
          <td>
 Conocimiento financiero → Planeación financiera
 personal
 </td>
          <td>
 0.306
 </td>
          <td>
 4.899
 </td>
          <td>
 0.000
 </td>
          <td>
 [0.181, 0.421]
 </td>
          <td>
 Aceptada
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 Toma de decisiones financieras → Planeación
 financiera personal
 </td>
          <td>
 0.446
 </td>
          <td>
 8.121
 </td>
          <td>
 0.000
 </td>
          <td>
 [0.330, 0.547]
 </td>
          <td>
 Aceptada
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td>
 Conocimiento financiero → Toma de decisiones
 financieras
 </td>
          <td>
 0.491
 </td>
          <td>
 9.741
 </td>
          <td>
 0.000
 </td>
          <td>
 [0.379, 0.580]
 </td>
          <td>
 Aceptada
 </td>
         </tr>
        </tbody>
       </table>
       <table-wrap-foot>
        <attrib>Elaboración propia.</attrib>
       </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>La Figura 1 representa el modelo
estructural estimado, con los coeficientes estandarizados de las relaciones
entre los constructos.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Modelo estructural de la planificación financiera personal en estudiantes universitarios</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="3115-2589-humanas-1-2-e22086859-gf1.png">
          <alt-text>planificación financiera personal</alt-text>
        </graphic>
        <attrib><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hair et al., (2022)</xref></attrib>
      </fig>
      <p>Nota. Los valores representan coeficientes estandarizados estimados
mediante PLS-SEM; los valores dentro de los constructos corresponden al
coeficiente de determinación (R²). Todas las relaciones mostradas son
estadísticamente significativas (p &amp;lt; 0,001).<bold><italic></italic></bold></p>
      <p>Razón por la cual, la Tabla 5
muestra que el modelo presenta una capacidad explicativa moderada, con valores
de R² superiores a 0,20, especialmente en la planificación financiera personal.
Los valores positivos de Q² confirman una adecuada relevancia predictiva para
ambos constructos endógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hair et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
       <label>Tabla 5</label>
       <caption>
        <title>Capacidad explicativa y relevancia predictiva del modelo</title>
       </caption>
       <table cellspacing="3" cellpadding="0">
        <thead>
         <tr>
          <th>
 <bold>Constructo endógeno</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th colspan="2">
 <bold>R²</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th>
 <bold>R² ajustada</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
          <th>
 <bold>Q²</bold><bold></bold>
 </th>
         </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
         <tr>
          <td colspan="2">
 Toma de decisiones financieras
 </td>
          <td>
 0.241
 </td>
          <td>
 0.238
 </td>
          <td>
 0.196
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td colspan="2">
 Planeación financiera personal
 </td>
          <td>
 0.426
 </td>
          <td>
 0.421
 </td>
          <td>
 0.361
 </td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
          <td></td>
         </tr>
        </tbody>
       </table>
       <table-wrap-foot>
        <attrib>Elaboración propia.</attrib>
       </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
  <sec sec-type="discussion">
    <title><bold>DISCUSIÓN</bold></title>
      <p>Los resultados permiten
comprender el comportamiento financiero de los estudiantes universitarios bajo
la lógica de la TPB, en la que el conocimiento no actúa de manera aislada, sino
como un recurso que da sentido a los procesos de decisión y a la acción
financiera (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ajzen, 1991</xref>). La alfabetización financiera refuerza la capacidad de
evaluar alternativas y de adaptar las decisiones a las metas personales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lahiri
y Biswas, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">She et al., 2024</xref>), tal como muestra la relación significativa
hallada con la toma de decisiones. Esta se sitúa como un aspecto fundamental de
la estructura explicativa, al permitir el paso del conocimiento al
comportamiento observable (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adetunji y David-West, 2019</xref>), en línea con
investigaciones que muestran que decidir de manera deliberada favorece un mayor
control del gasto y una mejor previsión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">White et al., 2022</xref>). Conocer no basta:
resulta crítico saber aplicar ese conocimiento en situaciones concretas
(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Elgegren, 2025</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Xiao y O'Neill, 2016</xref>).</p>
      <p>El efecto directo del
conocimiento financiero sobre la planificación confirma que el aprendizaje de
conceptos financieros se concreta en conductas como la organización de los
gastos y la formulación de metas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lahiri y Biswas, 2022</xref>). Este resultado es coherente
con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Assifuah-Nunoo y Yeboah (2025)</xref> y con la evidencia sobre la socialización
financiera de los estudiantes universitarios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Shim et al., 2010</xref>), sobre todo en
etapas en que los hábitos financieros aún se están formando.</p>
      <p>En conjunto, los resultados
sugieren que la planificación financiera no depende solo del nivel de
conocimiento, sino de la interacción entre variables cognitivas y conductuales.
En consonancia con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Durga et al. (2025)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Ratnawati et al. (2022)</xref>, se subraya la
necesidad de comprender el comportamiento financiero a partir de modelos más
integrados que incluyan procesos de decisión intermedios. Así, las
universidades no solo deben formar en educación financiera, sino también
propiciar procesos de toma de decisiones que favorezcan una planificación
financiera adecuada.</p>
    </sec>
  <sec sec-type="conclusions">
    <title><bold>CONCLUSIONES</bold></title>
      <p>Los resultados permiten afirmar
que el modelo propuesto es coherente teórica y empíricamente, y revelan que el
conocimiento financiero es un antecedente importante para comprender el
comportamiento financiero de los estudiantes universitarios. Ese conocimiento
no solo influye directamente en la planificación de su futuro financiero, sino
que se convierte en el eje que impulsa la toma de decisiones, lo que confirma
su posición como variable dentro del enfoque de la TPB.</p>
      <p>Asimismo, la toma de decisiones
financieras puede considerarse un aspecto fundamental en la configuración de
conductas financieras organizadas, dado su efecto considerable sobre la
planificación financiera personal. El estudio pone de manifiesto que los procesos
de decisión no se enmarcan solo en dimensiones cognitivas, sino que actúan como
mecanismo impulsor de la forma en que se gestionan los recursos en situaciones
reales, especialmente en estudiantes que están desarrollando sus hábitos
financieros.</p>
      <p>En síntesis, los resultados
refuerzan la idea de que la planificación financiera personal no es solo
cuestión del nivel de conocimiento, sino de cómo este se articula con los
procesos de decisión. El estudio contribuye a una visión más unificada del comportamiento
financiero de los universitarios y evidencia la necesidad de fortalecer tanto
la educación financiera como los mecanismos de toma de decisiones durante la
formación académica.</p>
      <p></p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Declaración de disponibilidad de datos</title>
      <p>Todo el conjunto de datos que respalda los resultados de este estudio fue publicado en el propio artículo.</p>
    </sec>
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